GH-48926: [C++] Upgrade Abseil/Protobuf/GRPC/Google-Cloud-CPP bundled versions

.github/workflows/ruby.yml

@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ jobs:
             -e ARROW_FLIGHT=ON \
             -e ARROW_FLIGHT_SQL=ON \
             -e ARROW_GCS=ON \
+            -e nlohmann_json_SOURCE=BUNDLED \
             -e Protobuf_SOURCE=BUNDLED \
             -e gRPC_SOURCE=BUNDLED \
             ubuntu-ruby

ci/docker/ubuntu-24.04-cpp.dockerfile

@@ -173,8 +173,10 @@ RUN /arrow/ci/scripts/install_sccache.sh unknown-linux-musl /usr/local/bin
 #
 # The following dependencies will be downloaded due to missing/invalid packages
 # provided by the distribution:
+# - Abseil is old and we require a version that has CRC32C
 # - opentelemetry-cpp-dev is not packaged
-ENV ARROW_ACERO=ON \
+ENV absl_SOURCE=BUNDLED \
+    ARROW_ACERO=ON \
     ARROW_AZURE=ON \
     ARROW_BUILD_STATIC=ON \
     ARROW_BUILD_TESTS=ON \

ci/scripts/cpp_build.sh

@@ -272,6 +272,7 @@ else
     -DgRPC_SOURCE=${gRPC_SOURCE:-} \
     -DGTest_SOURCE=${GTest_SOURCE:-} \
     -Dlz4_SOURCE=${lz4_SOURCE:-} \
+    -Dnlohmann_json_SOURCE=${nlohmann_json_SOURCE:-} \
     -Dopentelemetry-cpp_SOURCE=${opentelemetry_cpp_SOURCE:-} \
     -DORC_SOURCE=${ORC_SOURCE:-} \
     -DPARQUET_BUILD_EXAMPLES=${PARQUET_BUILD_EXAMPLES:-OFF} \