diff --git a/lib/factory_bot/declaration/association.rb b/lib/factory_bot/declaration/association.rb
index 123e73b9e..3413ea2a2 100644
--- a/lib/factory_bot/declaration/association.rb
+++ b/lib/factory_bot/declaration/association.rb
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ module FactoryBot
   class Declaration
     # @api private
     class Association < Declaration
-      def initialize(name, *options)
+      def initialize(name, *options, **overrides)
         super(name, false)
         @options = options.dup
-        @overrides = options.extract_options!
+        @overrides = overrides.dup
         @factory_name = @overrides.delete(:factory) || name
         @traits = options
       end
@@ -13,16 +13,17 @@ def initialize(name, *options)
       def ==(other)
         self.class == other.class &&
           name == other.name &&
-          options == other.options
+          options == other.options &&
+          overrides == other.overrides
       end
 
       protected
 
-      attr_reader :options
+      attr_reader :options, :overrides
 
       private
 
-      attr_reader :factory_name, :overrides, :traits
+      attr_reader :factory_name, :traits
 
       def build
         raise_if_arguments_are_declarations!
diff --git a/lib/factory_bot/definition_proxy.rb b/lib/factory_bot/definition_proxy.rb
index fc3d5dfc8..ace4f2ff0 100644
--- a/lib/factory_bot/definition_proxy.rb
+++ b/lib/factory_bot/definition_proxy.rb
@@ -88,17 +88,15 @@ def transient(&block)
     #   end
     #
     # are equivalent.
-    def method_missing(name, *args, &block) # rubocop:disable Style/MissingRespondToMissing
-      association_options = args.first
-
-      if association_options.nil?
+    def method_missing(name, *args, **kwargs, &block) # rubocop:disable Style/MissingRespondToMissing
+      if args.empty? && kwargs.empty?
         __declare_attribute__(name, block)
-      elsif __valid_association_options?(association_options)
-        association(name, association_options)
+      elsif __valid_association_options?(args, kwargs)
+        association(name, *args, **kwargs)
       else
         raise NoMethodError.new(<<~MSG)
           undefined method '#{name}' in '#{@definition.name}' factory
-          Did you mean? '#{name} { #{association_options.inspect} }'
+          Did you mean? '#{name} { #{args.first.inspect} }'
         MSG
       end
     end
@@ -152,14 +150,14 @@ def sequence(name, *args, &block)
     #    If no name is given, the name of the attribute is assumed to be the
     #    name of the factory. For example, a "user" association will by
     #    default use the "user" factory.
-    def association(name, *options)
+    def association(name, *options, **overrides)
       if block_given?
         raise AssociationDefinitionError.new(
           "Unexpected block passed to '#{name}' association " \
           "in '#{@definition.name}' factory"
         )
       else
-        declaration = Declaration::Association.new(name, *options)
+        declaration = Declaration::Association.new(name, *options, **overrides)
         @definition.declare_attribute(declaration)
       end
     end
@@ -253,8 +251,8 @@ def __declare_attribute__(name, block)
       end
     end
 
-    def __valid_association_options?(options)
-      options.respond_to?(:has_key?) && options.has_key?(:factory)
+    def __valid_association_options?(options, overrides)
+      (!options.empty? && options.all?(Symbol)) || !overrides.empty?
     end
 
     ##
diff --git a/spec/acceptance/traits_spec.rb b/spec/acceptance/traits_spec.rb
index 710ccc647..00d285664 100644
--- a/spec/acceptance/traits_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/acceptance/traits_spec.rb
@@ -874,6 +874,55 @@ def initialize(name)
   end
 end
 
+describe "traits used in implicit associations" do
+  before do
+    define_model("User", admin: :boolean, name: :string)
+
+    define_model("Comment", text: :string, user_id: :integer) do
+      belongs_to :user
+    end
+
+    define_model("Post", user_id: :integer) do
+      belongs_to :user, class_name: "User"
+    end
+
+    FactoryBot.define do
+      factory :user do
+        admin { false }
+
+        trait :admin do
+          admin { true }
+        end
+
+        trait :robot do
+          name { "robot" }
+        end
+      end
+
+      factory :comment do
+        text { "testing" }
+        user :admin, name: "Joe Slick"
+      end
+
+      factory :post do
+        user :admin, :robot
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "allows for a single inline trait with the default association" do
+    user = FactoryBot.create(:comment).user
+    expect(user).to be_admin
+    expect(user.name).to eq "Joe Slick"
+  end
+
+  it "allows for multiple inline traits with the default association" do
+    user = FactoryBot.create(:post).user
+    expect(user).to be_admin
+    expect(user.name).to eq "robot"
+  end
+end
+
 describe "traits used in associations" do
   before do
     define_model("User", admin: :boolean, name: :string)
diff --git a/spec/support/matchers/declaration.rb b/spec/support/matchers/declaration.rb
index 65e4663bd..26642ccc6 100644
--- a/spec/support/matchers/declaration.rb
+++ b/spec/support/matchers/declaration.rb
@@ -40,8 +40,9 @@ def with_factory(factory)
       self
     end
 
-    def with_options(options)
+    def with_options(*options, **kwargs)
       @options = options
+      @kwargs = kwargs
       self
     end
 
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ def expected_declaration
       when :implicit then FactoryBot::Declaration::Implicit.new(@name, @factory, ignored?)
       when :association
         if @options
-          FactoryBot::Declaration::Association.new(@name, options)
+          FactoryBot::Declaration::Association.new(@name, *options, **kwargs)
         else
           FactoryBot::Declaration::Association.new(@name)
         end
@@ -72,7 +73,11 @@ def ignored?
     end
 
     def options
-      @options || {}
+      @options || []
+    end
+
+    def kwargs
+      @kwargs || {}
     end
   end
 end