diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_process/process.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_process/process.ts
index 9aa9227094071f..1ea83725cb4de5 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_process/process.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_process/process.ts
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import { nextTick as _nextTick } from "ext:deno_node/_next_tick.ts";
 import { _exiting } from "ext:deno_node/_process/exiting.ts";
 import * as fs from "ext:deno_fs/30_fs.js";
 import {
+  denoErrorToNodeError,
   ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE,
   ERR_INVALID_OBJECT_DEFINE_PROPERTY,
 } from "ext:deno_node/internal/errors.ts";
@@ -51,7 +52,17 @@ export function chdir(directory: string): void {
   if (typeof directory !== "string") {
     throw new ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE("directory", "string", directory);
   }
-  fs.chdir(directory);
+  try {
+    fs.chdir(directory);
+  } catch (e) {
+    // Match Node's error shape: code/syscall/path/dest with a libuv-style
+    // message ("ENOENT: no such file or directory, chdir '<cwd>' -> '<dest>'").
+    throw denoErrorToNodeError(e as Error, {
+      syscall: "chdir",
+      path: fs.cwd(),
+      dest: directory,
+    });
+  }
 }
 
 /** https://nodejs.org/api/process.html#process_process_cwd */
diff --git a/tests/node_compat/config.jsonc b/tests/node_compat/config.jsonc
index 8ddb94991ed8a2..9a7c0df11948c7 100644
--- a/tests/node_compat/config.jsonc
+++ b/tests/node_compat/config.jsonc
@@ -2457,6 +2457,7 @@
     "parallel/test-process-beforeexit-throw-exit.js": {},
     "parallel/test-process-binding-internalbinding-allowlist.js": {},
     "parallel/test-process-binding.js": {},
+    "parallel/test-process-chdir-errormessage.js": {},
     "parallel/test-process-chdir.js": {},
     "parallel/test-process-config.js": {},
     "parallel/test-process-constants-noatime.js": {
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/process_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/process_test.ts
index 7f0c6d575ebc4c..ef7bf8b51d96dc 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/process_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/process_test.ts
@@ -76,16 +76,16 @@ Deno.test({
 Deno.test({
   name: "process.chdir failure",
   fn() {
-    assertThrows(
+    const err = assertThrows(
       () => {
         process.chdir("non-existent-directory-name");
       },
-      Deno.errors.NotFound,
-      "file",
-      // On every OS Deno returns: "No such file" except for Windows, where it's:
-      // "The system cannot find the file specified. (os error 2)" so "file" is
-      // the only common string here.
-    );
+      Error,
+      "ENOENT",
+    ) as Error & { code?: string; syscall?: string; dest?: string };
+    assertEquals(err.code, "ENOENT");
+    assertEquals(err.syscall, "chdir");
+    assertEquals(err.dest, "non-existent-directory-name");
   },
 });